Short-term effectiveness of calcaneal lateral displacement osteotomy with lateral ligament repair in treatment of Takakura stage Ⅱ varus-type ankle arthritis / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the short-term effectiveness of calcaneal lateral displacement osteotomy with lateral ligament repair in the treatment of Takakura stage Ⅱ varus-type ankle arthritis.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 13 patients with Takakura stage Ⅱ varus-type ankle arthritis treated with calcaneal lateral displacement osteotomy with lateral ligament repair between January 2016 and December 2020. There were 6 males and 7 females aged 31-65 years, with an average age of 53.6 years. The preoperative tibial-ankle surface angle (TASA) was (88.13±1.01)°, medial distal tibial angle (MDTA) was (86.36±1.49)°, tibial talar surface angle (TTSA) was (6.03±1.63)°, talar tilting angle (TTA) was (81.95±2.15)°, and tibiocalcaneal axis angle (TCAA) was (-5.74±6.81)°. The preoperative American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was 56.3±7.1 and the pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 3.7±0.5. AOFAS scores, VAS scores, TTSA, TTA, and TCAA were compared between pre- and post-operatively.@*RESULTS@#All 13 patients were followed up 14-41 months, with an average of 28.7 months. The osteotomies healed in all patients. The last follow-up revealed TTA, TTSA, and TCAA to be (88.27±1.19)°, (-0.13±1.37)°, and (2.09±5.10)° respectively, the AOFAS score was 84.3±4.2 and the VAS score was 0.7±0.5, all showing significant improvement when compared to preoperative values ( P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For patients with Takakura stage Ⅱ varus-type ankle arthritis, calcaneal lateral displacement osteotomy with lateral ligament repair can correct the lower limb force line, regain ankle stability, and achieving good short-term effectiveness.

Clinical efficacy of anterior radius head fracture combined with lateral ligament complex injury / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the operation efficacy of anterior radius head fracture combined with lateral ligament complex injury.Methods:The patients with radial head fracture admitted from September 2017 to August 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, 51 males and 54 females, average age of 38.84±13.63 years (range of 16-70 years). Based on the radial head fractures of Mason classification of type II, the cases involving the anterior radius head fracture were divided into three subtypes according to the number of fracture blocks and the type of displacement: type A (53 cases): one part of the anterior radius head collapse fracture; type B (50 cases): two or more parts of the anterior radial head collapse fracture; type C (2 cases): anterior radius head dissociated and displaced fracture. All fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Among them, the lateral ligament complex of type B were elongated due to the injury but the continuity existed. Therefore, the lateral ligament complex in 21 cases were not repaired in the early period (unrepaired group); in recent years, 29 cases repaired the lateral ligament complex (repair group). The postoperative efficacy was evaluated by elbow range of motion, table-top relocation test, Mayo score, and Broberg Morrey score. the patients were evaluated at final follow-up, except table-top relocation test was recorded according to the actual completion time.Results:All operations were successfully completed. The mean follow-up was 14.08±1.52 months (range of 12-18 months). Type A: the flexion and extension range was 115.70°±6.35°; the completion time of the table-top relocation test was 75.68±11.90 days; the Mayo score was 93.72±2.40 point, and the Broberg Morrey score was 92.89±2.28 point. Type B: lateral ligament repair group (repaired group) 29 cases and unrepaired lateral ligament group (unrepaired group) 21 cases. The flexion and extension range of elbow in repaired group was 112.1°±4.4°, which was better than that in unrepaired group 105.8°±3.7° ( t=5.31, P<0.001). The completion time of table-top relocation test was 77.72±6.51 days in repaired group and 104.29±18.45 days in unrepaired group ( t=6.32, P<0.001). The Mayo score of the repaired group was 90.21±5.88 points and that of the unrepaired group was 87.14±5.26 points ( t=1.90, P=0.063), and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Broberg Morrey score of 90.93±6.43 points in the repaired group was better than 86.95±6.37 points in the unrepaired group ( t=2.17, P=0.035). Type C for 2 patients, the flexion and extension range of elbow were 107°and 106°; the completion time of table-top relocation test were 82 days and 98 days; the Mayo scores were 91 point and 87 point; Broberg Morrey scores were 93 point and 85 point. There was a patient developed myositis ossificans in unrepair group of tybe B. Conclusion:The elbow joint is stable when one part of the anterior radius head collapse fracture; there is a degree of instability in the elbow when two or more parts of the anterior radial head collapse fractures suggest to repair the lateral ligament complex. The elbow joint is extremely unstable when anterior radius head dissociated and displaced fractures, the lateral ligament complex should be repaired in time.

Reconstruction of the calcaneocuboid and calcaneonavicular ligaments with the autologous semitendinosus in patients with chronic bifurcate ligament injury / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of reconstructing the calcaneocuboid and calcaneonavicular ligaments with the autologous semitendinosus for chronic bifurcate ligament injury.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 12 patients with chronic bifurcate ligament injury who had been treated by anatomical reconstruction with the autologous semitendinosus from March 2018 to January 2021 at Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Wuhan. There were 4 males and 8 females with an age of (41.4±9.6) years. Seven left and 5 right feet were affected; the time from injury to surgery was (9.3±4.3) months. The surgical efficacy was evaluated based on anteroposterior and lateral imaging assessments of foot weight-bearing at 6 months postoperation, comparison of the visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores for foot weight-bearing walking and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot scores between preoperation and the last follow-up, stress test for stability of the transverse tarsal joint, recovery of movement, and occurrence of complications.Results:All patients were followed up for (18.4±4.0) months. Their sports activities were completely resumed after postoperative (6.8±3.9) months. Primary wound healing was achieved in all patients. One patient suffered from cutaneous nerve lesion and skin numbness, the symptoms of which disappeared after conservative treatment. Double harmonic curves were observed on the anteroposterior and lateral imaging films of foot weight-bearing in all patients. The spaces in the calcaneocuboid and the calcaneonavicular joints were normal, the articular positions were matched, and the calcaneocuboid joint was stable without recurrence or worsening of displacement. The VAS decreased significantly from preoperative 6.5 (5.6, 7.0) to 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) at the last follow-up, and the AOFAS mid-foot score increased significantly from preoperative (55.6±8.8) points to (92.3±2.6) points at the last follow-up ( P<0.05). The stress test for the stability of the transverse tarsal joint showed joint stability. Conclusion:Reconstruction of the calcaneocuboid and calcaneonavicular ligaments using the autologous semitendinosus is an alternative treatment for patients with chronic bifurcate ligament injury, because it can restore the stability of the bifurcate ligament and obviously improve the foot and ankle functions with limited postoperative complications.

Effects of deep deltoid ligament injury on postoperative ankle function in patients with pronation-external rotation ankle fractures / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of a deep deltoid ligament injury on postoperative ankle function and pain in patients with pronation-external rotation ankle fractures.Methods:Thirty patients with pronation-external rotation ankle fractures without deep deltoid ligament injury admitted to Weihai Municipal Hospital from March 2019 to March 2020 were included in the control group. Thirty patients with pronation-external rotation ankle fractures with deep deltoid ligament injury admitted to the same hospital from April 2020 to June 2021 were included in the observation group. Both groups received reduction and internal fixation of pronation-external rotation ankle fractures. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score, pain, and quality of life were compared between the two groups.Results:At 1 and 3 months after surgery, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society scores in the observation group were (69.87 ± 2.89) points and (75.66 ± 4.27) points, which were significantly lower than (81.45 ± 4.78) points, and (93.62 ± 3.54) points in the control group ( t = 11.35, 17.37, both P < 0.01). At 1 and 3 months after surgery, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores in the observation group were (7.16 ± 1.15) points and (5.84 ± 0.52) points, respectively, which were significantly higher than (6.42 ± 0.54) points and (4.28 ± 0.16) points in the control group ( t = 3.19, 15.70, both P < 0.05). At 3 months after surgery, the scores of physical health, mental health, social relationship, and surrounding environment in the observation group were (19.18 ± 1.96) points, (18.67 ± 1.82) points, (17.42 ± 2.54) points, (19.65 ± 2.43) points, respectively, which were significantly lower than (21.65 ± 3.58) points, (23.57 ± 3.56) points, (20.09 ± 3.95) points, (22.38 ± 3.67) points in the control group ( t = 3.31, 6.71, 3.11, 3.39, all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Deep deltoid ligament injury affects the recovery of pronation-external rotation ankle fracture and affects the quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to repair deep deltoid ligament injury in time in patients with pronation-external rotation ankle fractures.

Ultrasonographic measurement of the effect of physical training on ligament injuries / Medição ultrassonográfica do efeito do treinamento físico nas lesões ligamentares / Medición ecográfica del efecto del entrenamiento físico en las lesiones de ligamentos

ABSTRACT Introduction: The ankle joint is the most load-bearing joint of the human body. The health consciousness of people is increasing day by day, the probability of ankle sports injuries is also increasing. Objective: Analyze the applying sports medicine ultrasound value to rehabilitate anterior talofibular tendon injury. Methods: Seventy- two patients with anterior talofibular injury in a particular hospital were divided into control and observation groups to observe the effect of recovery, recovery time, and degree of ligament injury during rehabilitation treatment. Results: In the observation group, the complete recovery rate was 91.67%, incomplete recovery (8.33%), recovery time was (2.36±0.9) months. The complete recovery rate of the control group is (77.78%), the incomplete recovery (22.2%), the recovery time (3.58±0.42) months. Patients in the experimental group had a higher grade of ligament injury III than those in the control group during each rehabilitation period; the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Sports medical ultrasound can determine the degree of anterior talofibular ligament rupture after injury, providing a basis for the clinical formulation of the treatment plan. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução: A articulação do tornozelo é a articulação do corpo humano que mais suporta carga. A consciência da saúde das pessoas está aumentando de dia para dia, a probabilidade de lesões esportivas no tornozelo também está aumentando. Objetivo: Analisar o valor de aplicação do ultra-som de medicina esportiva para a reabilitação de lesão no tendão talofibular anterior. Métodos: Setenta e dois pacientes com lesão talofibular anterior em um determinado hospital foram divididos em grupos de controle e observação para observar o efeito da recuperação, o tempo de recuperação e o grau de lesão ligamentar durante o tratamento da reabilitação. Resultados: No grupo de observação, a taxa de recuperação completa foi de 91,67%, a recuperação incompleta (8,33%), o tempo de recuperação foi de (2,36±0,9) meses. A taxa de recuperação completa do grupo de controle é de (77,78%), a recuperação incompleta (22,2%), o tempo de recuperação (3,58±0,42) meses. Os pacientes do grupo experimental tiveram maior grau de lesão ligamentar III do que os do grupo controle durante cada período de reabilitação, a diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (P<0,05). Conclusões: A ultra-sonografia médica esportiva pode determinar o grau de ruptura do ligamento talofibular anterior após a lesão, fornecendo uma base para a formulação clínica do plano de tratamento. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: La articulación del tobillo es la que más carga soporta del cuerpo humano. La conciencia de la salud de las personas aumenta día a día, la probabilidad de lesiones deportivas en el tobillo también aumenta. Objetivo: Analizar el valor de la aplicación de ultrasonidos en medicina deportiva para la rehabilitación de la lesión del tendón talofibular anterior. Métodos: Setenta y dos pacientes con lesión talofibular anterior en un hospital particular fueron divididos en grupos de control y de observación para observar el efecto de la recuperación, el tiempo de recuperación y el grado de lesión del ligamento durante el tratamiento de rehabilitación. Resultados: En el grupo de observación, la tasa de recuperación completa fue del 91,67%, la recuperación incompleta (8,33%), el tiempo de recuperación fue de (2,36±0,9) meses. La tasa de recuperación completa del grupo de control fue (77,78%), la recuperación incompleta (22,2%), el tiempo de recuperación (3,58±0,42) meses. Los pacientes del grupo experimental tuvieron un mayor grado de lesión del ligamento III que el grupo de control durante cada periodo de rehabilitación, la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (P<0,05). Conclusiones: La ecografía médico-deportiva puede determinar el grado de rotura del ligamento talofibular anterior tras la lesión, proporcionando una base para la formulación clínica del plan de tratamiento. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Is subfibular ossicle excision necessary in the modified Brostr?m procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability? / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of subfibular ossicle excision on the clinical efficacy of Brostr?m procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI).Methods:From March 2014 to December 2018, 76 patients were treated by the modified Brostr?m procedure using the suture anchor technique for CLAI at Department of Foot & Ankle Surgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital. Of them, 33 had subfibular ossicles (SFO group) and 43 did not (NSFO group). In the SFO group, there were 19 males and 14 females, aged (28.4±8.6) years; in the NSFO group, there were 21 males and 22 females, aged (27.8±7.4) years. Subfibular ossicles were excised in the SFO group. The 2 groups were compared in terms of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores at preoperation and the final follow-up.Results:The 2 groups were comparable due to insignificant differences between them in their preoperative general data ( P>0.05). All the patients were followed up for 24 to 72 months (average, 28 months). The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores improved significantly from 54.5±3.4 to 95.7±2.1 in the SFO group and significantly from 56.2±2.7 to 95.2±2.4 in the NSFO group at the final follow-up; the VAS scores reduced significantly from 5.7±1.8 to 1.6±1.4 in the SFO group and significantly from 5.7±1.6 to 1.7±1.2 in the NSFO group at the final follow-up (all P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of AOFAS or VAS scores at the final follow-up ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Since the modified Brostr?m procedure plus subfibular ossicle excision may result in similar good clinical efficacy as merely the modified Brostr?m procedure may for the CLAI patients without subfibular ossicle, subfibular ossicle excision should be suggested for the CLAI patients with subfibular ossicle.

An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lateral ankle avulsion fracture (2022 version) / 中华创伤杂志

Lateral ankle avulsion fracture is a common sports injury that can lead to chronic lateral ankle instability and substantial deterioration of the joint function. Currently, problems such as misdiagnosis, inappropriate treatment, disparate outcomes and lack of standardization are usually met in the diagnosis and treatment of lateral ankle avulsion fracture. The Foot and Ankle Committee of Chinese Association of Sports Medicine Physicians thus organized a working group of experts in the field of sports medicine and ankle surgery from China to develop "An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lateral ankle avulsion fractures (2022 version)" in accordance with the principle of evidence-based medicine and scientificity and practicability. The guideline covered the topics of imaging diagnosis, indications and methods of non-operative and operative treatment as well as postoperative rehabilitation, in order to provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of lateral ankle avulsion fracture.

Comparison of efficacy of arthroscopic all-inside ligament repair with suture augmentation and ligament reconstruction with tendons in the treatment of chronic ankle instability / 中华创伤杂志

Objective:To compare the efficacy of arthroscopic all-inside ligament repair with suture augmentation and ligament reconstruction with tendons in the treatment of chronic ankle instability with poor remnant quality of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) tissue.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 37 patients with chronic ankle instability treated at Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University from January 2018 to August 2020, including 34 males (34 ankles) and 3 females (3 ankles); aged 18-57 years [(32.2±7.2)years]. The time from injury to operation ranged from 3-360 months [48(12, 120)months]. All patients underwent arthroscopic all-inside ankle stabilization surgery, of which 19 underwent ligament repair with suture augmentation (augmented repair group) and 18 underwent traditional ligament reconstruction with allograft/autograft tendons (tendon reconstruction group). The degree of ATFL injury and intra-articular lesions (osteophytes, loose bodies and cartilage damage) were recorded during the operation. The Karlsson scale and Tegner scale were evaluated before operation and at the last follow-up. The number of patients who were able to complete partial weight-bearing/return to normal walking/return to sports postoperatively and the time required were compared between the two groups. Postoperative complications were observed.Results:All patients were followed up for 12-32 months [21(16, 28)months]. There were no significant differences in the degree of ATFL injury and intra-articular lesions (osteophytes, loose bodies and cartilage damage) seen during the operation between the two groups (all P>0.05). At the last follow-up, the Karlsson score in augmented repair group and tendon reconstruction group [95.0(90.0, 98.5)points and 95.0(87.8, 99.3)points] was significantly higher than the preoperative level [65.0(51.0, 75.0)points and 65.0(53.3, 78.0)points] (all P<0.01). At the last follow-up, the Tegner score in augmented repair group and tendon reconstruction group [5.0(3.5, 6.0)points and 5.0(3.3, 6.0)points] were significantly higher than the preoperative level [3.0(2.0, 4.0)points and 2.5(1.3, 4.0)points] (all P<0.01). There were no significant differences in Karlsson score and Tegner score between the two groups (all P>0.05). All patients completed partial weight-bearing after 3.0(2.0, 4.0)weeks in augmented repair group and 4.0(3.5, 6.0)weeks in tendon reconstruction group. All patients returned to normal walking after 8.0(6.0, 9.0)weeks in augmented repair group and 8.0(5.5, 12.0)weeks in tendon reconstruction group. A total of 13 patients (63%) in augmented repair group and 13 patients (72%) in tendon reconstruction group successfully returned to sports postoperatively and the time required was 6.0(3.5, 8.0) months and 6.0(4.5, 12.0)months, respectively. There were no significant differences in the above indicators between the two groups (all P>0.05), but augmented repair group had a trend of faster completion of partial weight-bearing than tendon reconstruction group. There was 1 patient [5%(1/19)] in augmented repair group and 1 patient [6%(1/18)] in tendon reconstruction group who reported feelings of instability during exercise postoperatively ( P>0.05). None of the patients in augmented repair group had limited ankle range-of-motion, not different from 1 patient [6%(1/18)] in tendon reconstruction group ( P>0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of chronic ankle instability with poor remnant quality of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) tissue, both arthroscopic all-inside ligament repair with suture augmentation and ligament reconstruction with tendons can improve the short-term postoperative ankle function and activity level of the patients, and the former one has advantages such as simple operative procedures and none use of grafts.

Clinical study on Tuina plus physical agents for lateral collateral ligament injury of ankle in gymnasts / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Tuina (Chinese therapeutic massage) plus physical agents and physical agents alone for lateral collateral ligament injury of ankle in gymnasts, and to explore the feasibility of Tuina for injury intervention in competitive athletes.Methods: A total of 64 gymnasts with types Ⅰ-Ⅱ lateral collateral ligament injury of ankle were selected and divided into a control group and an observation group according to a full analysis set based on the intention-to-treat principle, with 32 cases in each group. Patients in the control group received ultrasound and microwave treatment, while those in the observation group received additional Tuina manipulations. The efficacy was evaluated by total effective rate, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scale (AOFAS-AHS) score. Results: The total effective rate was 96.9％ in the observation group and 90.6％ in the control group. There was no statistical difference in the total effective rate between the two groups (P>0.05). The markedly effective rate was 75.0％ in the observation group and 46.9％ in the control group. The markedly effective rate in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the VAS scores of both groups showed a downward trend, and there were statistical differences between different treatment time points in the same group (P<0.05). After one and three months of treatment, the VAS scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). There were statistical differences in the AOFAS-AHS score before and after treatment within the same group (P<0.05). After one month of treatment, there was no statistical difference in the AOFAS-AHS score between the two groups (P>0.05). After three months of treatment, the AOFAS-AHS score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, indicating statistical significance (P<0.05). There was an interaction between time and group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Tuina plus physical agents can improve the symptoms of lateral collateral ligament injury of ankle in gymnasts. This combined treatment is superior to physical agents alone in relieving pain and improving joint functions. Therefore, Tuina plus physical agents can be used as a treatment for lateral collateral ligament injury of ankle in gymnasts.

Eficiencia de la técnica de Broström-Gould en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la inestabilidad lateral crónica de tobillo / Broström-Gould technique efficiency in chronic lateral ankle instability surgical treatment

Los déficits neuromusculares resultantes de las lesiones que comprometen al tobillo, facilitan la aparición de recidivas, por la afectación estructural que no sólo ocurre en los ligamentos, sino también en los nervios y tejido músculo-tendinoso, pudiendo provocar numerosas alteraciones asociadas que provocan inestabilidad crónica. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la eficiencia de la técnica de Broström modificada en pacientes con inestabilidad crónica del tobillo, atendidos en el Hospital Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño y consulta privada entre noviembre 2016 y enero 2020. El tipo de investigación prospectiva, descriptiva, de campo clínico. La muestra la conformaron 31 pacientes. La edad promedio fue 34,4 años, la mayoría de género masculino, y con predominio en el tobillo derecho. Al aplicar la escala EVA en el pre y post quirúrgico, se observó disminución del grado de dolor postquirúrgico con una escala entre 0 y 4. La escala de Karlsson y Peterson aplicada en el lapso de 1 año después del período postquirúrgico a los pacientes, el 90 % estuvo entre 65 y 90 según escala que significa bueno y excelente. Entre la escala EVA y la de Karlsson y Peterson aplicados al año, se observó una relación entre la disminución del dolor y la buena y excelente evaluación funcional. La técnica de Broström modificada demostró tener muy buenos resultados en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la inestabilidad de tobillo(AU)

The neuromuscular deficits resulting from ankle injuries, make possible the appearance of recurrences, due the structural affectation that not only occurs in the ligaments, but also in nerves and muscle-tendon tissue, and can produce numerous associated alterations that cause ankle chronic instability. The objective is to analyze the efficiency of Broström modified technique in patients with chronic ankle instability, treated at the Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital and private practice from November 2016 to January 2020. A prospective, descriptive and clinical study was made. 31 patients were included. The average age was 34,4 years, majority of male patients, and predominance of right ankle. When applying the VAS scale before and after surgery, a decrease in the degree of postoperative pain was observed with a scale between 0 and 4. The Karlsson and Peterson scale applied in the period of 1 year after the postoperative period to the patients, the 90% were between 65 and 90 according to a scale that means good and excellent. Between the VAS scale and the Karlsson and Peterson scale applied after one year, a relationship was observed between pain reduction and good and excellent functional evaluation. The modified Broström technique has shown to have very good results in the surgical treatment of ankle instability(AU)

Fractura intraarticular de calcáneo asociada a lesión de ligamentos colaterales laterales del tobillo / Intra-articular fracture of the calcaneus associated with injury to lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle

Resumen: Las fracturas de calcáneo son las más frecuentes del tarso (3.5% de todas las fracturas). Afectan a adultos jóvenes, siendo más frecuentes en hombres (5.9:1). Por otro lado, las lesiones ligamentarias asociadas a fractura de calcáneo no son muy frecuentes. Presentamos un caso de un paciente de 39 años que sufrió entorsis de tobillo. Mostraba inestabilidad en flexión plantar e inversión. Radiografías mostraron una fractura de calcáneo. Durante la cirugía se evidenció una lesión completa del complejo ligamentario lateral. Se realizó la reducción y osteosíntesis asociada a la reconstrucción ligamentaria. Ante fracturas de calcáneo es importante corroborar la estabilidad del tobillo. La falta de diagnóstico en este tipo de lesiones puede generar inestabilidades crónicas.

Abstract: Calcaneal fractures are the most frequent of the tarsus (3.5% of all fractures). Young adults are mainly affected, being more frequent in men (5.9:1). On the other hand, ligament injuries associated with fracture of the calcaneus are very infrequent. We describe a case of a 39 year old patient who suffered ankle trauma. He presented instability in plantar flexion and inversion. A fracture of the calcaneus was diagnosed. During surgery, a complete lesion of the lateral ligament complex was found. The reduction and osteosynthesis associated with ligament reconstruction was performed. We consider important to confirm the stability of the ankle after a calcaneus fracture. Lack of diagnosis in this type of injuries can evolve into chronic instability.

Lateral ligament reconstruction with autogenous partial peroneus longus tendon for chronic lateral ankle instability / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of lateral ligament reconstruction with autogenous partial peroneus longus tendon for chronic lateral ankle instability. Methods: Between September 2014 and November 2018, 32 patients (32 sides) with chronic lateral ankle instability were treated with lateral ankle ligament reconstruction by using autogenous anterior half of the peroneus longus tendon. There were 25 males and 7 females, with an average age of 28.5 years (range, 20-51 years). The disease duration was 6-41 months (mean, 8.9 months). The preoperative Karlsson-Peterson ankle score was 53.7±9.7. The talar tilt angle was (14.9±3.7)°, and the anterior talar translation was (8.2±2.8) mm. Six patients combined with osteochondral lesion of talus and 4 patients combined with bony impingement. Results: All incisions healed by first intention postoperatively. All patients were followed up 12-53 months (mean, 22.7 months). At last follow-up, the Karlsson-Peterson ankle score was 85.2±9.6; the talar tilt angle was (4.3±1.4)°; the anterior talar translation was (3.5±1.1) mm. There were significant differences in all indexes between pre- and post-operation ( P<0.05). Seventeen patients were very satisfied with the results, 10 patients were satisfied, 4 patients were normal, and 1 patient was unsatisfied. After operation, the ankle sprain occurred in 7 cases, the tenderness around the compression screws at calcaneus in 5 cases, the anterolateral pain of ankle joint over 6 months in 4 cases. No patient had discomfort around the reciepient sites. At last follow-up, the ultrasonography examination showed that there was no significant difference in the density and diameter between bilateral peroneus longus tendons in 12 cases. Conclusion: For chronic lateral ankle instability, the lateral ankle ligament reconstruction with the autogenous partial peroneus longus tendon is a safe and effective surgical option.

Comparison of clinical effect between autogenous semitendinosus and allogenic tendons for anatomical reconstruction of anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament under arthroscopy / 中华骨科杂志

Objective@#To compare the clinical effects of autologous semitendinosus tendon and allogenic tendon arthroscopic anatomical reconstruction of anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) combined with calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) in the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was made of 55 patients with chronic lateral ankle instability who underwent arthroscopic reconstruction of ATFL combined with CFL from January 2012 to June 2017. A total of 28 cases were treated with autologous semitendinosus tendon (autologous group), including 19 males and 9 females, with an average age of 28.5±8.03 years (range, 16-46 years). A total of 27 cases were treated with allogenic tendon (allogenic group), including 17 males and 10 females, with an average age of 27.48±7.89 years (range, 16-46 years). ATFL/CFL was reconstructed by the same method in both groups. The reconstruction methods were the same between the groups. The talus and calcaneus were fixed with absorbable compression nails.@*Results@#The operation duration in the autologous group was 94.07±7.83 min, which was longer than that in the allogeneic group 63.56±7.96 min (t=14.51, P<0.001). Fever days 5.26±0.90 days in allogeneic group were longer than 2.46±0.74 days in autologous group (t=-12.55, P<0.001). Wound healing duration in allogeneic group was 13.44±3.33 days longer than that in autologous group 10.32±2.34 days (t=-4.01, P<0.001). In the autologous group, 28 cases were followed up for 34.54±16.04 months, and 27 cases in the allograft group were followed up for 42.74±17.79 months. The mean AOFAS score improved from 63.64±11.20 before operation to 90.21±4.48 after operation in the autologous group, and that improved from 63.93±10.59 before operation to 89.56±5.15 after operation in the allogeneic group with no significant difference between the two groups after operation (t=0.506, P=0.615). The mean VAS score decreased from 5.79±1.79 before operation to 1.54±1.35 after operation in the autologous group, and from 5.89±1.78 before operation to 2.04±1.32 after operation in the allogeneic group. There was no significant difference between the two groups after operation (t=-1.396, P=0.168). Tegner score increased from 4.07±1.39 to 6.43±1.14 in the autologous group and from 3.85±1.06 to 6.52±0.85 in the allogeneic group with no significant difference between the two groups after operation (t=-0.333, P=0.740). Stress radiographic showed that the talar tilt angle decreased from 15.60°±3.86° to 6.01°±2.64° in the autologous group, 16.99°±3.78° to 7.14°±3.34° in the allogeneic group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups after operation (t=-1.382, P=0.171). Anterior talar displacement reduced from 10.82±3.12 mm to 4.03±1.69 mm in the autologous group, from 10.10±2.02 mm to 4.17±1.52 mm in the allogeneic group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups after operation (t=-0.326, P=0.746). No donor tendon dysfunction was found in the autologous group. At the end of follow-up, there was no difference in ankle dorsiflexion, plantar flexion and hind foot mobility between autologous group and allogeneic group.@*Conclusion@#Arthroscopic autologous tendon and allogeneic tendon reconstruction of AFTL combined with CFL can obtain satisfactory short-term results. The autologous tendon group was superior to the allogeneic group in terms of fever, wound healing time. However, there was no significant difference in clinical effects between the two groups.

Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of arthroscopy and magnetic resonance on acute injury of the lateral ankle liga-ment complex / 中华骨科杂志

Objective@#To compare the diagnostic consistency and efficacy of arthroscopy and MRI on the severity of acute lateral ligament complex (LLC) injury, and to find an effective method to diagnose acute LLC injury accurately in early stage.@*Methods@#Data of 37 patients (27 males, 10 females), with acute lateral ligament complex injury who were treated from February 2015 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The average age was 28.6±6.2 years (range, 18-42 years) and duration from injury to operation was 4.6±3.3 days (range, 0.3-8 days). The results of MRI and ankle arthroscopy for detecting LLC injury were compared, and the consistency between the two examination results was analyzed.@*Results@#Different consistencies were found between the two examination methods according to different parts of LCC injuries. The consistency of injuries (partial tear,complete tear) at the starting point of anterior talofibular ligament and complete tear at the starting point of calcaneofibularliga-ment was ordinary (kappa=0.641, 0.624, 0.680), while the consistency of damage in other parts of LLC was poor (kappa< 0.4). Compared with arthroscopy, MRI has a diagnostic accuracy of 62% (23/37) for partial tear of anterior talofibular ligament, and 62% (23/37) for complete tear. And that of the calcaneofibularligament complete tear was 78% (29/37).@*Conclusion@#MRI had low capability in detecting the severity of acute LLC injury accurately and the diagnosing efficacy was insufficient, while ar-throscopic exploration had a high diagnostic value for acute ankle joint injuries.

Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of arthroscopy and magnetic resonance on acute injury of the lateral ankle ligament complex / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To compare the diagnostic consistency and efficacy of arthroscopy and MRI on the severity of acute lateral ligament complex (LLC) injury,and to find an effective method to diagnose acute LLC injury accurately in early stage.Methods Data of 37 patients (27 males,10 females),with acute lateral ligament complex injury who were treated from February 2015 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.The average age was 28.6±6.2 years (range,18-42 years) and duration from injury to operation was 4.6±3.3 days (range,0.3-8 days).The results of MRI and ankle arthroscopy for detecting LLC injury were compared,and the consistency between the two examination results was analyzed.Results Different consistencies were found between the two examination methods according to different parts of LCC injuries.The consistency of injuries (partial tear,complete tear) at the starting point of anterior talofibular ligament and complete tear at the starting point of calcaneofibularligament was ordinary (kappa=0.641,0.624,0.680),while the consistency of damage in other parts of LLC was poor (kappa＜ 0.4).Compared with arthroscopy,MRI has a diagnostic accuracy of 62％ (23/37) for partial tear of anterior talofibular ligament,and 62％ (23/37) for complete tear.And that of the calcaneofibularligament complete tear was 78％ (29/37).Conclusion MRI had low capability in detecting the severity of acute LLC injury accurately and the diagnosing efficacy was insufficient,while arthroscopic exploration had a high diagnostic value for acute ankle joint injuries.

All-inside arthroscopic repair of anterior talofibular ligament for chronic lateral ankle instability / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of all-inside arthroscopic repair of anterior talofibular ligament(ATFL) for chronic lateral ankle instability(CLAI).Methods From October 2016 to September 2017,19 patients with CLAI were treated with all-inside arthroscopic repair of ATFL at Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery,Guangzhou Orthopaedic Hospital.They were 12 men and 7 women,aged from 18 to 35 years(mean,27.3 years).Their defective ATFLs had no effective tension.After the fibular foot-print zone of ATFL was refreshed,an absorbable anchor was inserted accurately and its suture was threaded into the remnant of ATFL using the all-inside arthroscopic technique.The remnant of ATFL was fixated by the suture using Lasso-Loop method and anatomically repaired into the foot-print zone to restore the ligamentous tension.The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgery Society(AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score,Karlsson ankle function score,Tegner activity score and visual analogue scale(VAS) were used to assess funtion of ankle before and after operation.Results All the 19 patients were followed up for a mean time of 15.6 months(from 12 to 22 months).Their ankle symptoms were all relieved after operation;their ankles recovered fine range of motion;their anterior drawer tests and varus stress tests were negative.Their preoperative AOFAS scores(64.6±11.4),Karlsson ankle function scores(63.5±11.4),Tegner activity scores(3.2±0.7) and VAS(5.8±1.7) were significantly improved at the final follow-up(92.3±3.2,91.2±4.4,5.7±0.6 and 1.4±1.0,respectively)(P<0.05).complications such as incision and articular infections,superficial peroneal nerve injury,sural nerve injury and iatrogenic fracture were not demonstrated in the cohort.By the final follow-up,no patient had been found who needed a secondary revision.Conclusions The all-inside arthroscopic repair of ATFL can be used effectively and safely for CLAI,because it leads to accurate anchor insertion,anatomic repair,limited invasion,and reliable restoration of ligamentous tension.To avoid complications,surgeons should familiarize themselves with arthroscopic procedures.

Comparison of clinical effect between autogenous semitendinosus and allogenic tendons for anatomical reconstruction of anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament under arthroscopy / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To compare the clinical effects of autologous semitendinosus tendon and allogenic tendon arthroscopic anatomical reconstruction of anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) combined with calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) in the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability.Methods A retrospective analysis was made of 55 patients with chronic lateral ankle instability who underwent arthroscopic reconstruction of ATFL combined with CFL from January 2012 to June 2017.A total of 28 cases were treated with autologous semitendinosus tendon (autologous group),including 19 males and 9 females,with an average age of 28.5±8.03 years (range,16-46 years).A total of 27 cases were treated with allogenic tendon (allogenic group),including 17 males and 10 females,with an average age of 27.48±7.89 years (range,16-46 years).ATFL/CFL was reconstructed by the same method in both groups.The reconstruction methods were the same between the groups.The talus and calcaneus were fixed with absorbable compression nails.Results The operation duration in the autologous group was 94.07±7.83 min,which was longer than that in the allogeneic group 63.56±7.96 min (t=14.51,P＜0.001).Fever days 5.26±0.90 days in allogeneic group were longer than 2.46±0.74 days in autologous group (t=-12.55,P＜0.001).Wound healing duration in allogeneic group was 13.44±3.33 days longer than that in autologous group 10.32±2.34 days (t=-4.01,P＜0.001).In the autologous group,28 cases were followed up for 34.54± 16.04 months,and 27 cases in the allograft group were followed up for 42.74± 17.79 months.The mean AOFAS score improved from 63.64± 11.20 before operation to 90.21 ±4.48 after operation in the autologous group,and that improved from 63.93± 10.59 before operation to 89.56±5.15 after operation in the allogeneic group with no significant difference between the two groups after operation (t=0.506,P=0.615).The mean VAS score decreased from 5.79± 1.79 before operation to 1.54± 1.35 after operation in the autologous group,and from 5.89± 1.78 before operation to 2.04± 1.32 after operation in the allogeneic group.There was no significant difference between the two groups after operation (t=-1.396,P=0.168).Tegner score increased from 4.07± 1.39 to 6.43± 1.14 in the autologous group and from 3.85±1.06 to 6.52±0.85 in the allogeneic group with no significant difference between the two groups after operation (t=-0.333,P=0.740).Stress radiographic showed that the talar tilt angle decreased from 15.60°±3.86° to 6.01°±2.64° in the autologous group,16.99°±3.78° to 7.14°±3.34° in the allogeneic group,and there was no significant difference between the two groups after operation (t=-1.382,P=0.171).Anterior talar displacement reduced from 10.82±3.12 mm to 4.03±1.69 mm in the autologous group,from 10.10±2.02 mm to 4.17±1.52 mm in the allogeneic group,and there was no significant difference between the two groups after operation (t=-0.326,P=0.746).No donor tendon dysfunction was found in the autologous group.At the end of follow-up,there was no difference in ankle dorsiflexion,plantar flexion and hind foot mobility between autologous group and allogeneic group.Conclusion Arthroscopic autologous tendon and allogeneic tendon reconstruction of AFTL combined with CFL can obtain satisfactory short-term results.The autologous tendon group was superior to the allogeneic group in terms of fever,wound healing time.However,there was no significant difference in clinical effects between the two groups.

One-stage repair of ankle fracture combined with grade Ⅲ injury to lateral ligament / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To investigate the surgical outcomes of one-stage repair of the ankle fracture combined with grade Ⅲ injury to the lateral ligament.Methods From April 2015 to December 2017,23 patients with ankle fracture and lateral ligament injury were treated at Department of Traumatic Reconstruction Surgery/Foot and Ankle Surgery,Zhongnan Hospital.There were 15 males and 8 females,aged from 18 to 65 years (average,37.8 years).After intraoperative treatment of their fractures,22 ruptures of the ligamentous insertion were repaired with suture anchor and one rupture of the middle ligament with Internal Brace.Routine postoperative X-rays,physical examination and Sefton grading system were used to evaluate the stability of the ankle joint and the subtalar joint.The Karlsson-Peterson and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores were used to evaluate the function and pain of the ankle.Results The follow-up for this cohort ranged from 12 to 24 months (average,13.9 months).The bone union time ranged from 6 to 24 weeks,averaging 10.1 weeks.There was no chronic instability of lateral ankle or subtalar joint in all the cases.Two cases developed osteochondral lesion of the medial talus which was treated with micro-fracture surgery one year after injury;one case suffered subtalar arthritis which was treated by subtalar arthrodesis 14 months after injury.Their Karlsson-Peterson scores averaged 84.6 points and AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores 93.7 points with 19 excellent and 4 good cases.The Sefton grading system gave 9 cases of grade Ⅰ and 14 ones of grade Ⅱ.Conclusion One-stage repair of the ankle fracture combined with grade Ⅲ injury to the lateral ligament can lead to the stability of the ankle joint and the subtalar joint and improved function of the ankle.

Efficacy evaluation of arthroscopic Brostr(o)m-Gould procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of arthroscopic Brostr(o)m-Gould procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI).Methods A retrospective case series study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 36 CLAI patients admitted to Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital,Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University,Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University,and Guangzhou Orthopedic Hospital from August 2016 to July 2017.There were 21 males (21 ankles) and 15 females (15 ankles),aged 18-42 years [(26.5 ± 8.6)years].The duration from injury to operation ranged from 6 to 30 months [(10.8-± 1.6) months].All patients received arthroscopic Brostr(o)m-Gould procedure (anterior talofibular ligament repair,capsular constriction,subextensor ligament reinforcement).The operation time and arthroscopic intra-articular lesions and treatment were recorded,and the wound healing and complications were recorded.The visual analogue score (VAS),front drawer test and varus stress test results,American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgery Society (AOFAS) ankle-hind foot score and Karlsson-Peterson ankle function score were compared before operation,6 weeks after operation and at the last follow-up.Results All 36 patients were followed up for 18-29 months [(20.5 ±6.3) months].The operation time ranged from 45 to 115 minutes [(67.2 ± 18.6) minutes].During the operation,synovitis hyperplasia of ankle joint was found in 35 patients,scar tissue around ligament in 32,talus cartilage injury in 10,osteophyte in 19 and free body in 5,all of which were treated accordingly.All incisions were healed in the first stage after operation,without joint infection,superficial sural nerve injury or thread stimulation.The ankle varus was slightly limited in two patients after operation and improved after functional rehabilitation.No revision operation was needed at the last follow-up.Front drawer test and inverted stress test results were negative (-).The VAS score was (5.9 ± 1.6) points before operation,(1.9 ± 1.0) points at 6 weeks after operation,and (1.6 ± 0.3) points at the last follow-up,with significant difference compared with that before operation (P ＜ 0.01).The AOFAS ankle-hind foot score was (67.4 ± 7.4) points before operation,(89.2 ±4 6.8) points at 6 weeks after operation,and (91.7 ±5.3)points at the last follow-up,with significant difference compared with that before operation (P ＜ 0.01).Karlsson-Peterson ankle function score was (65.3 ± 9.6)points before operation,(88.6 ± 5.3) points at 6 weeks after operation,and (90.6 ± 3.8) points at the last follow-up,with significant difference compared with that before operation (P ＜ 0.0 1).Conclusion For CLAI,the arthroscopic Brostr(o)m-Gould procedure can treat the intra-articular lesions and reliably restore the stability of the lateral ankle.At the same time,quick motion recovery can be achieved,with satisfactory shortterm curative effect.

Research progress of postoperative rehabilitation in patients with chronic lateral ankle intability / 国际外科学杂志

Surgeries for chronic lateral ankle intability patients have been applied at home and abroad for many years,although operation techniques have been improved,there have been some lags between operation and postoperative rehabilitation.Insufficent rehabilitation after repair or reconstruction would limit ankle range of motion in patients,otherwise undue rehabilitation would impair the tendon-bone interfaces so as to render recurrence of ankle instability symptom.Systematic postoperative rehabilitation should be evidence-based,some articles about tissue healing and rehabilitation,together with latest international concepts on rehibilitation,can be used to instruct patients rehabilitation in different phrases.In this paper,we summarized the rehabilitation of chronic lateral ankle intability.